What it is & general benefits

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential water-soluble vitamin and a key cofactor for
collagen-forming enzymes in cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels. It also works as a
powerful antioxidant, helping to neutralise reactive oxygen species and regenerate other
antioxidants in the body. Recent reviews highlight its roles in supporting connective-tissue
integrity, immune defence and wound healing, and in protecting tissues from oxidative
stress–related damage, including in musculoskeletal settings.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, vitamin C is included at a supportive dose
to back collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection around joints. It helps your body use
building blocks like glucosamine and chondroitin more effectively by contributing to normal
collagen formation in cartilage, while also helping to mop up free radicals generated in
stressed or ageing joints. The aim is not high-dose vitamin C therapy, but steady background
support for joint structure, comfort and recovery alongside the other joint-focused nutrients
in the capsule.

References

1. Alberts A et al. Vitamin C: comprehensive review of its role in health and disease.
Molecules. 2025.

2. Lykkesfeldt J. The pharmacology of vitamin C: new avenues and current knowledge.
Pharmacol Ther. 2025.

3. Dunlap B et al. Vitamin C supplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis:
antioxidant and chondroprotective effects. Orthop Rev. 2021.

What it is & general benefits

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body absorb and use
calcium and phosphorus, both essential for normal bone and muscle function. It also acts as a
hormone-like signal in many tissues, including cartilage and immune cells. Current guidance
for adults typically places daily vitamin D needs around 600–800 IU, with intakes up to
2000 IU often used to correct or prevent low blood levels and still well below the usual
safety upper limit of 4000 IU per day in most guidelines.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, 50 mcg (2000 IU) of vitamin D3 is
included to support the “scaffolding” around joints. By helping maintain normal calcium
balance and bone mineralisation, it supports the bones that anchor joint cartilage, while its
effects on muscle function and inflammatory signalling can further contribute to everyday
mobility and comfort. The dose is chosen to give meaningful support for adults who often run
low in vitamin D, yet stay within commonly recognised safe daily limits when combined with
typical dietary intake.1–3

References

1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. 2025.

2. Rizzoli R. Vitamin D supplementation: upper limit for safety revisited?
Osteoporos Int. 2020.

3. Georgescu B et al. Current evidence on vitamin D in osteoarthritis.
Pharmaceuticals. 2024.

What it is & general benefits

Vitamin E in the natural d-alpha tocopheryl form is a fat-soluble antioxidant that
protects cell membranes and lipids from oxidative damage. It works together with vitamin C
and other antioxidants to neutralise free radicals generated during normal metabolism and
physical stress. Reviews of human data link adequate vitamin E status with healthier immune
responses and reduced markers of oxidative stress in tissues, including muscle and
connective-tissue systems that are frequently exposed to mechanical load.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, a moderate 5 mg dose of natural
vitamin E is added to help shield joint tissues from everyday oxidative stress. It acts as
part of the “antioxidant umbrella” around cartilage, synovial fluid and surrounding muscles,
complementing vitamin C and the structural joint nutrients. The goal is not high-dose
vitamin E therapy, but steady background protection that supports comfort, mobility and
recovery in joints that are used hard or are beginning to show age-related wear.

References

1. Jiang Q. Natural forms of vitamin E and their functions. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022.

2. Lewis ED et al. Immune and antioxidant roles of vitamin E in humans.
Nutrients. 2019.

3. Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S. Vitamin E as an adjunct for joint and bone health.
Nutrients. 2019.

What it is & general benefits

Calcium carbonate is a common supplemental form of calcium, the major mineral in bones and
teeth. Calcium supports normal bone mineralisation, muscle contraction, nerve signalling and
blood clotting. Most adult guidelines place daily calcium needs around
1,000–1,200 mg from food and supplements combined, with upper safe limits of
2,000–2,500 mg/day depending on age.1–3 Calcium carbonate provides about 40% elemental
calcium by weight, and is best absorbed when taken with food.2

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, the small 10 mg amount of calcium
carbonate (around 4 mg elemental calcium, about 1% of the daily value) is not meant as a
stand-alone bone supplement. Instead, it helps round out the mineral profile of the capsule
and supports the structural environment around joints alongside vitamin D and the core
joint nutrients. Users who need full-dose calcium for bone health should still rely mainly on
diet and, if needed, separate targeted calcium supplementation under professional guidance.

References

1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. 2025.

2. Fritz K, Brannon M. Calcium carbonate: pharmacology and bioavailability.
StatPearls. 2023.

3. MedlinePlus. Calcium in diet – recommended intakes and upper limits. 2024.【turn5search20†L1-L10】

What it is & general benefits

Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in hundreds of enzymes that control cell growth,
DNA and protein synthesis, antioxidant defence and immune function. It is found in cells
throughout the body and is required for normal wound healing, taste and smell, and healthy
skin and mucosal barriers.1,2 Most adults need about 8–11 mg zinc per day from
food and supplements combined, and long-term intakes above about 40 mg/day may start to
increase the risk of adverse effects such as copper deficiency and altered immunity.1,3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, 11 mg of zinc (100% of the Daily
Value) is included to give a full daily “background dose” that supports tissue repair and
immune balance around working joints. Zinc participates in collagen and cartilage metabolism
and helps control oxidative and inflammatory cascades that can stress joint tissues when
levels are low.4,5 Using zinc oxide provides a compact, stable source of elemental
zinc; the amount is kept within standard daily recommendations so it can top up typical diet
intakes without pushing most users toward excessive long-term zinc exposure.

References

1. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. 2022.

2. MedlinePlus. Zinc in diet – functions and requirements. 2025.

3. Tokarczyk J et al. Dietary zinc: absorption, bioavailability and safety. Molecules. 2025.
4. Li G et al. Trace elements and osteoarthritis, focus on zinc. Front Med. 2021.
5. Amhare AF et al. Zinc in cartilage regeneration and inflammation control. Nutrients. 2025.

What it is & general benefits

D-glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride is a stabilized salt form of glucosamine sulfate, a
naturally occurring amino sugar used by the body to build glycosaminoglycans and
proteoglycans in joint cartilage. As a supplemental ingredient, glucosamine sulfate has been
studied mainly in adults with knee osteoarthritis at doses around 1500 mg/day, with some
long-term trials of crystalline glucosamine sulfate reporting modest improvements in joint
pain and function compared with placebo, while other high-quality studies show little or no
benefit, so overall evidence remains mixed.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, this form of glucosamine sulfate is used as
one of the primary “building block” nutrients for joint cartilage. Its role is to supply a
steady background source of glucosamine that the body can use when maintaining or renewing
cartilage matrix, especially when combined with chondroitin, MSM and collagen-supportive
vitamins and minerals. The intention is supportive nutrition for joint structure and everyday
comfort, rather than a stand-alone treatment for any medical joint condition.

References

1. Rovati LC. Crystalline glucosamine sulfate in the management of knee osteoarthritis.
Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012.

2. NCCIH. Glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis: what you need to know. 2023.

3. Runhaar J et al. Subgroup analyses of the effectiveness of oral glucosamine for knee and
hip osteoarthritis: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.
Ann Rheum Dis. 2017.

What it is & general benefits

Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan naturally found in joint cartilage,
where it binds water and contributes to the shock-absorbing, cushioning properties of the
matrix. As a supplement, it is usually derived from animal cartilage and classified as a
“symptomatic slow-acting drug for osteoarthritis” (SYSADOA) in some clinical guidelines.
Meta-analyses of prescription-grade chondroitin sulfate suggest modest average improvements
in pain and joint function in people with knee or hand osteoarthritis, although results
between trials are inconsistent and not all guidelines recommend it.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, chondroitin sulfate is included as a key
“cushioning” building block for cartilage. Its role is to help support the hydrated,
gel-like structure of joint cartilage alongside glucosamine, MSM and collagen-supportive
nutrients, providing nutritional backup for joints that are regularly loaded or starting to
show age-related wear. The intent is steady background support for cartilage structure and
everyday comfort, rather than a stand-alone treatment for any specific joint disease.

References

1. Honvo G et al. Efficacy of chondroitin sulfate in knee osteoarthritis: updated
meta-analysis. Clin Drug Investig. 2019.

2. Singh JA et al. Chondroitin for osteoarthritis: Cochrane systematic review.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015.

3. Maheu E et al. Symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOAs): current
evidence for chondroitin sulfate. Preprints. 2025.

What it is & general benefits

Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring
glycosaminoglycan found in joint cartilage and synovial fluid, as well as skin and eyes. It
can bind large amounts of water relative to its weight, helping to maintain lubrication,
cushioning and viscoelastic properties in tissues. Supplemental hyaluronic acid or sodium
hyaluronate has been studied for supporting joint comfort, especially in knees, with oral
doses showing modest improvements in pain and function in some trials, though results vary
between studies and products.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, sodium hyaluronate (standardised to 90%)
is included as a “lubricating” partner to glucosamine and chondroitin. Its role is to support
the water-holding, gel-like qualities of cartilage and synovial fluid, complementing the more
structural building blocks in the formula. The intent is gentle, daily nutritional support
for joint lubrication and smooth movement, rather than high-dose injectable hyaluronic acid
treatment used in clinical settings.

References

1. Necas J et al. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan): a review. Vet Med. 2008.

2. Henrotin Y et al. Oral hyaluronan for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
Rheumatol Int. 2011.

3. Kawada S et al. Effects of oral hyaluronic acid on joint pain and quality of life:
randomized controlled trials in adults. Nutrients. 2020.

What it is & general benefits

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) root extract is a concentrated form of the culinary
spice, standardized from the orange rhizome into a 30:1 extract so that a smaller amount of
powder delivers the active curcuminoids found in much larger amounts of raw root. These
curcuminoids, together with other turmeric polyphenols, have been widely studied for their
anti-oxidant and inflammation-modulating properties, including support for markers related to
joint comfort, muscle recovery and overall oxidative stress in adults.1–3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, turmeric 30:1 extract is used as a
“natural support” ingredient alongside structural joint nutrients. Its role is to help tone
down everyday oxidative and inflammatory stress around cartilage, tendons and surrounding
muscles, especially in joints that are frequently loaded or already feeling stiff. By adding
a concentrated extract rather than culinary powder, the formula delivers meaningful turmeric
activity in a compact capsule, designed to complement—rather than replace—medical management
of any joint condition.

References

1. Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health.
Foods. 2017.

2. Onakpoya IJ et al. Curcumin in osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017.

3. Chin K-Y. The spice for joint health: evidence for turmeric/curcumin.
Int J Rheum Dis. 2016.

What it is & general benefits

Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) is an organic sulfur compound occurring in small amounts in
foods and used as a supplemental source of biologically available sulfur. Sulfur is required
for the structure of collagen, cartilage and keratin, and MSM also shows antioxidant and
inflammation-modulating activity in experimental models. Human trials in adults with
musculoskeletal discomfort report that oral MSM, typically in gram-level daily doses, can
produce modest improvements in joint pain and physical function without major safety
concerns.1,2

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, MSM is one of the central “comfort and
recovery” ingredients. Its role is to donate sulfur for collagen and cartilage matrix, and to
help temper everyday oxidative and inflammatory stress in and around working joints,
complementing structural nutrients such as glucosamine, chondroitin and hyaluronate. The aim
is ongoing nutritional support for joint flexibility and post-load comfort, not a replacement
for medical treatment of diagnosed joint disease.

References

1. Toguchi A et al. Methylsulfonylmethane improves knee quality of life in adults with mild
knee pain: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2023.

2. Crawford P et al. Methylsulfonylmethane for musculoskeletal pain including low back pain:
randomized controlled study. Compl Ther Med. 2019.

3. U.S. FDA. GRAS Notice GRN 000229 for methylsulfonylmethane (MSM); agency response
letter of non-objection. 2008.

What it is & general benefits

This 20:1 flower-bud extract of Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) is used as a
concentrated natural source of quercetin, a flavonoid with strong antioxidant and
inflammation-modulating activity. Quercetin from botanicals such as S. japonica can help
neutralise reactive oxygen species and down-regulate pro-inflammatory signalling pathways,
which is why it is widely studied for cardiovascular, immune and musculoskeletal
support.1,2 Preclinical work in osteoarthritis models suggests that quercetin can help
protect cartilage structure and reduce inflammatory damage in joint tissues, although large,
long-term human trials are still limited.3

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, S. japonica flower-bud extract (standardised
for quercetin) is included as a targeted “shield” ingredient. Its role is to back up the
structural joint nutrients by helping to dampen everyday oxidative and inflammatory stress
around cartilage, synovial membranes and surrounding muscles. Using a 20:1 extract allows
meaningful quercetin activity in a compact dose, designed as nutritional support for joint
comfort and resilience rather than a stand-alone treatment for any joint disease.

References

1. Aghababaei F et al. Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023.

2. Frenț OD et al. Quercetin: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory secondary metabolite review.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024.

3. Yamaura K et al. Quercetin shows beneficial effects on cartilage in osteoarthritis models:
systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2023.

What it is & general benefits

This 20:1 seed extract of flax (Linum usitatissimum) concentrates key compounds from
the whole seed, including plant omega-3 (ALA), lignans and other polyphenols. Together these
act as antioxidants and gentle inflammation modulators, and have been studied for supporting
healthy blood lipids, vascular function and overall metabolic balance. Human and experimental
data suggest that flaxseed components can help reduce markers of oxidative stress and some
inflammatory mediators, which are often elevated in people with chronic lifestyle strain.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, flaxseed extract is added as a botanical
“background support” nutrient for joints. Its role is not to rebuild cartilage directly, but
to help create a friendlier internal environment for joint tissues by buffering everyday
oxidative and inflammatory stress and supporting circulation and lipid balance. This makes it
a useful plant-based partner to structural ingredients such as glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM
and hyaluronate, especially for adults whose joints are affected by both mechanical load and
modern metabolic pressure.

References

1. Reviews on flaxseed and cardiovascular / inflammatory markers in adults.

2. Studies on lignan-rich flaxseed preparations and oxidative stress modulation.

3. Clinical and preclinical research on ALA-rich plant oils and joint / musculoskeletal comfort.

What it is & general benefits

This 20:1 root extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale), standardised to 5% gingerols,
concentrates the pungent phenolic compounds that give ginger its spicy taste. Gingerols and
related shogaols have well-described antioxidant and inflammation-modulating activity,
influencing COX/LOX pathways and several cytokines. Human studies with ginger extracts have
reported modest improvements in joint pain and morning stiffness, as well as support for
overall comfort in people with everyday musculoskeletal strain.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, ginger 20:1 (5% gingerols) is used as a
botanical “comfort amplifier”. It does not build cartilage itself, but helps create a calmer
environment around joints by buffering everyday oxidative and inflammatory stress in
cartilage, synovial membranes and surrounding muscles. The concentrated, standardised extract
allows meaningful ginger activity in a compact capsule, designed to complement the structural
nutrients (glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, hyaluronate) and support smoother movement and
post-load recovery.

References

1. Reviews on gingerols and shogaols as natural inflammation-modulating compounds.

2. Clinical trials of ginger extracts in adults with joint discomfort and morning stiffness.

3. Experimental work on ginger’s antioxidant effects in cartilage and synovial tissues.

What it is & general benefits

This 20:1 gum resin extract of Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense)
concentrates boswellic acids, plant compounds known for modulating 5-lipoxygenase and other
inflammatory pathways. Standardised Boswellia extracts have been studied in adults with knee
or hip osteoarthritis, where daily use has produced modest improvements in joint pain,
stiffness and walking ability in several trials, with a generally good safety profile at
typical supplemental doses.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, Boswellia gum extract is included as a
targeted “comfort and mobility” botanical. Its role is to help calm everyday inflammatory
stress around cartilage, synovial membranes and tendons, working alongside MSM, turmeric,
ginger and structural nutrients such as glucosamine and chondroitin. The intention is steady
nutritional support for joint comfort and movement in daily life, rather than a replacement
for medical treatment of any diagnosed joint disease.

References

1. Clinical trials of standardised Boswellia serrata extracts in osteoarthritis pain and function.

2. Reviews on boswellic acids as natural inflammation-modulating compounds.

3. Safety assessments of long-term Boswellia supplementation in adults with joint discomfort.

What it is & general benefits

This 30:1 fruit extract of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) concentrates the deep-red
anthocyanins and other polyphenols found in the whole fruit. These compounds act as potent
antioxidants and gentle inflammation modulators, helping to neutralise reactive oxygen
species and influence key signalling pathways involved in muscle and joint stress. Human
studies with tart cherry juice and concentrates have reported modest reductions in
exercise-induced muscle soreness and inflammatory markers, as well as small but meaningful
improvements in sleep quality and overall recovery in some adult groups.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, tart cherry 30:1 extract is included as a
“recovery and comfort” botanical that wraps around the structural joint nutrients. Its role
is not to rebuild cartilage directly, but to help buffer everyday oxidative and inflammatory
stress in and around hard-working joints and muscles – especially after activity or in people
who feel stiff the next day. By using a concentrated extract rather than juice, the formula
delivers meaningful tart cherry polyphenols in a compact capsule, designed to complement (not
replace) medical care for any diagnosed joint condition.

References

1. Human trials of tart cherry juice/concentrate on exercise-induced muscle soreness and recovery.

2. Clinical studies of tart cherry preparations in adults with osteoarthritis-related joint discomfort.

3. Reviews summarising the antioxidant and inflammation-modulating actions of tart cherry
anthocyanins and polyphenols.

What it is & general benefits

Hydrolyzed bovine collagen is collagen from cattle that has been broken down into smaller
peptides so it dissolves and is absorbed more easily. Collagen is a major structural protein
in cartilage, tendons, ligaments and bone. Human studies with collagen peptides generally
show modest support for joint comfort, mobility and cartilage metabolism, and for maintaining
bone mineral density and skin elasticity in adults, especially when intake is consistent over
weeks to months.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, hydrolyzed bovine collagen acts as a
structural “framework” nutrient. It supplies amino acid building blocks (such as glycine,
proline and hydroxyproline) that the body uses when maintaining collagen-rich tissues around
joints, including cartilage, ligaments and supporting muscles. Combined with glucosamine,
chondroitin, MSM, hyaluronate and vitamin C, it is intended to provide background nutritional
support for joint structure, resilience and everyday comfort, rather than to serve as a
stand-alone treatment for any joint disease.

References

1. Clinical studies on collagen peptides and joint comfort/mobility in adults.

2. Trials evaluating collagen peptide supplementation and bone mineral density.

3. Reviews of hydrolyzed collagen as a source of structural amino acids for connective tissues.

What it is & general benefits

L-methionine is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid that the body cannot make on its
own, so it must come from diet or supplements. It serves as a building block for proteins and
as a precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a universal methyl donor involved in many
metabolic and detoxification reactions. Methionine also contributes sulfur to the synthesis
of cysteine and glutathione, supporting the body’s endogenous antioxidant defences and the
structure of collagen-rich tissues such as cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, L-methionine is used as a compact
“supporting amino acid” for joint tissues. Its role is to provide sulfur and methyl groups
that the body can use when maintaining collagen matrix and renewing components of cartilage
and connective tissue, while also backing the glutathione system that helps control everyday
oxidative stress around working joints. It is intended as a background helper alongside the
main joint-structure ingredients (glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, collagen and hyaluronate),
rather than as a high-dose, stand-alone treatment for any specific joint disease.

References

1. Reviews on methionine metabolism, SAMe formation and methylation pathways in humans.

2. Articles describing sulfur amino acids as precursors for glutathione and connective-tissue proteins.

3. Overview papers on the role of essential amino acids in musculoskeletal and joint health.

What it is & general benefits

This extract from black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit is standardized to 95% piperine,
the main pungent alkaloid in pepper. Piperine is best known for its ability to increase the
absorption of certain nutrients and botanicals by influencing intestinal transporters and
phase-1/phase-2 enzymes. In human and experimental studies, piperine has also shown mild
antioxidant and inflammation-modulating activity, helping to fine-tune signalling pathways
involved in oxidative stress and discomfort.

Why we use it in this formula

In the Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM 19-in-1 blend, black pepper extract (95% piperine) is used
mainly as a “bioavailability helper” and secondary support ingredient. Its role is to help
the body make better use of key botanicals such as turmeric, ginger and Boswellia, while
adding a small extra layer of antioxidant and inflammation-modulating support around hard-
working joints. The dose is intended to gently enhance the overall formula, not to act as a
high-dose stand-alone piperine supplement.

References

1. Research on piperine’s effects on nutrient and phytochemical bioavailability in humans.

2. Experimental data describing piperine’s modulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters.

3. Reviews summarising black pepper/piperine as a complementary antioxidant and inflammation-modulating agent.