PMS Support

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is a collective term for several closely related vitamers—pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine—and their phosphate forms, with pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) serving as the primary active coenzyme in human physiology.[1] PLP-dependent enzymes are involved in a wide range of everyday biochemical reactions, especially amino-acid metabolism and the normal production of signaling molecules used by the nervous system. Because most dietary B6 enters cells in non-phosphorylated form, it is converted through a “salvage” pathway (notably via pyridoxal kinase and pyridox-(am)-ine 5′-phosphate oxidase) into PLP, which then supports enzyme function across tissues.[2]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, Vitamin B6 is included as a foundational cofactor to support steady metabolic flow and nervous-system balance—two pillars that matter when you want a more consistent, resilient baseline throughout the month. It complements magnesium and the botanical blend by supporting key PLP-dependent pathways involved in neurotransmitter-related metabolism and normal energy utilization, helping the formula feel like a daily routine rather than a “take only when you need it” product. As with any B-vitamin, it’s smart to account for total daily intake if you stack multiple supplements; long-term high supplemental intakes have been linked to safety concerns, so staying within the labeled serving is recommended.[3]

References

[1] Bjørke-Monsen AL, Ueland PM. Vitamin B6: a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023.

[2] Rivero M, et al. Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate Biosynthesis by Pyridox-(am)-ine 5′-Phosphate Oxidase: Species-Specific Features. Int J Mol Sci. 2024.

[3] Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6. EFSA Journal. 2023.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin built around a cobalt-containing corrin ring and found naturally in animal-derived foods and fortified products. In the body, B12 functions primarily as two active coenzymes—methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin—supporting normal one-carbon metabolism (methylation chemistry) and mitochondrial metabolism, respectively.[1] Dietary B12 absorption is a multi-step process: it is released from food, binds carrier proteins in the gut, then attaches to intrinsic factor for receptor-mediated uptake in the ileum, after which it circulates bound to transport proteins (notably transcobalamin) to reach tissues.[2] Because these pathways depend on coordinated binding, transport, and cellular processing, B12 status is commonly discussed in terms of how efficiently it is absorbed, delivered, and converted into its active coenzyme forms across different physiological contexts.[3]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, Vitamin B12 is included as a steady, daily-support nutrient for cellular energy metabolism and nervous-system function—two foundational areas that help a routine feel consistent month to month. It pairs naturally with Vitamin B6 and magnesium: B6 supports PLP-dependent pathways tied to neurotransmitter-related metabolism, while magnesium supports muscle relaxation and nervous-system balance, and B12 helps round out the B-vitamin foundation that underpins normal methylation and mitochondrial energy processes. The intent is not “quick-fix” positioning, but a dependable baseline that supports calm, resilient daily function when taken consistently as part of your routine.

References

[1] Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, et al. Vitamin B12. BMJ. 2023.

[2] Bjørke-Monsen AL, Ueland PM. Vitamin B12 – a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023.

[3] Mucha P, et al. Vitamin B12 Metabolism: A Network of Multi-Protein Complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2024.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that the body uses as a cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions, including ATP-dependent energy chemistry, protein synthesis, and normal nerve-and-muscle signaling.[1] In foods and supplements it is delivered as a magnesium salt (the specific “form” influences factors like solubility and gastrointestinal tolerance), and once absorbed it circulates largely as Mg2+ and is tightly regulated by the gut and kidneys. Intestinal uptake occurs through both passive and active routes, with transcellular transport in the distal intestine involving channels such as TRPM6 and TRPM7, while the kidneys fine-tune magnesium balance by reabsorbing filtered magnesium back into the bloodstream.[2] Because magnesium participates broadly in cellular function and is homeostatically controlled, discussions of magnesium typically focus on meeting needs through diet and appropriate supplemental intake rather than chasing “more is better.”[1]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, magnesium is included as a core “calm-and-steadiness” mineral to support muscle relaxation and balanced nervous-system activity as part of a consistent daily routine. It complements vitamins B6 and B12 (which help support everyday metabolic pathways) and pairs naturally with the botanical blend to support a more resilient baseline when taken day after day. Because supplemental magnesium can cause digestive upset in some people—especially at higher amounts or depending on the form—following the labeled serving and considering total magnesium intake from all sources is a practical way to keep the routine comfortable and sustainable.[3]

References

[1] Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH. 2026.

[2] Adomako EA, et al. Magnesium Disorders: Core Curriculum 2024. Am J Kidney Dis. 2024.

[3] Henriksen C, et al. Magnesium: a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023.

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a lemon-scented herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), traditionally prepared as teas and modernly used as dried leaf, tinctures, and standardized extracts. Its leaf contains a recognizable phytochemical profile that commonly includes hydroxycinnamic acids (especially rosmarinic acid), flavonoids, and aromatic volatile constituents such as citral and citronellal, and many commercial extracts are standardized using rosmarinic acid as a quality marker.[1] Mechanistically, lemon balm has been studied for interactions with brain-signaling pathways linked to relaxation and cognitive performance; for example, rosmarinic acid has been reported to inhibit GABA transaminase (GABA-T), an enzyme involved in GABA breakdown, which is one plausible route by which standardized lemon balm preparations are researched for perceived calm and sleep-quality outcomes.[1]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, lemon balm is included as a botanical “steadying” component to support a calmer, more balanced daily baseline—especially when you want your routine to feel consistent across the month. It pairs naturally with magnesium (often chosen for muscle relaxation and nervous-system balance) and vitamins B6/B12 (foundational cofactors for everyday metabolic pathways) to support relaxation, composure, and sleep-quality habits without relying on drug-like positioning. Human clinical research has evaluated standardized lemon balm preparations for mood-and-sleep related quality measures, including controlled studies reporting improvements in sleep-quality endpoints versus placebo with specific standardized formats.[2]

References

[1] Mathews IM, Eastwood J, Lamport DJ, et al. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review. Nutrients. 2024.

[2] Di Pierro F, et al. Effects of Melissa officinalis Phytosome on Sleep Quality: Results of a Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, and Cross-Over Study. Nutrients. 2024.

[3] Lobach AR, Schmidt F, Fedrizzi D, et al. Toxicological safety evaluation of an aqueous lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2024.

Black Cohosh Root

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, synonym Cimicifuga racemosa) is a buttercup-family (Ranunculaceae) plant native to North America, most often prepared from the underground rhizome/root material for capsules, tablets, and standardized extracts. Its chemistry is commonly characterized by triterpene glycosides (often used as identity/quality markers in commercial preparations) along with phenolic acids and smaller, bioactive constituents, and different extract methods can shift the relative composition and sensory profile of the final material.[1] Mechanistic research suggests black cohosh’s physiological signaling is not best explained as a direct estrogenic agent; instead, it has been studied for interactions with central neurotransmitter-related pathways, including the presence of “signature” tryptamine derivatives such as N-methylserotonin in some preparations, which may help explain why it is frequently discussed in the context of calm-and-comfort oriented women’s wellness formulas.[2] As with many botanicals, quality control and user tolerance matter: case reports and safety reviews have raised concerns about rare but serious liver-related adverse events associated with products labeled as black cohosh, underscoring the importance of responsible sourcing, appropriate labeling, and conservative, routine-based use.[3]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, black cohosh root is included as a supportive botanical that helps round out the formula’s “steady baseline” approach—aiming for day-to-day composure and monthly comfort support rather than a spike-and-crash, take-only-when-needed feel. It complements magnesium (for muscle relaxation and nervous-system balance) and vitamins B6/B12 (foundational metabolic cofactors), while pairing naturally with lemon balm and ashwagandha to support a calmer stress response. Alongside DIM and chasteberry—often chosen for monthly rhythm and hormone-metabolism support—black cohosh adds another layer of botanical balance to help the routine feel more complete and consistent across the month, without relying on drug-like claims or symptom-specific language.

References

[1] Hedaoo K, et al. Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). J Menopausal Health. 2024.

[2] Spiering MJ, et al. On the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Tryptamines in Black Cohosh. Plants. 2025.

[3] Le Y, et al. Review of black cohosh-induced toxicity and adverse effects. Front Pharmacol. 2025.

Diindolylmethane (DIM)

Diindolylmethane (DIM), commonly written as 3,3′-diindolylmethane, is a bioactive indole compound associated with cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts). It is formed in the body as a major condensation product when indole-3-carbinol (I3C)—itself derived from glucobrassicin in these plants—undergoes acid-driven reactions in the stomach. DIM has been studied for how it may influence pathways involved in xenobiotic handling and hormone metabolism, including signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and downstream effects on enzymes that help shape estrogen metabolite patterns.[1] In human research, DIM supplementation has been evaluated using urinary hormone panels that quantify multiple estrogen metabolites and ratios (for example, the 2-hydroxy/16α-hydroxy pathway balance), providing a measurable way to discuss “estrogen metabolism” without implying disease treatment.[2] From an absorption perspective, DIM is relatively lipophilic and can show limited bioavailability in its crystalline form; human pharmacokinetic work also indicates DIM undergoes significant metabolism (including hydroxylated metabolites and conjugation), which helps explain why formulation, dose, and duration can materially affect exposure and measurable outcomes.[3]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, DIM is included as a daily “metabolism-support” botanical-derived compound to help support healthy estrogen metabolism and a steadier monthly baseline. It’s positioned to complement the formula’s women’s botanical complex (such as chasteberry and black cohosh) and the foundational nutrients (magnesium plus vitamins B6 and B12) by reinforcing a routine that supports composure, comfort, and resilience around the cycle. The goal is consistent, routine-based support—using structure/function language—rather than symptom-specific or drug-like claims.

References

[1] Srikanth Y, et al. Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review. Plants. 2025.

[2] Newman M, et al. Exploring the impact of 3,3’-diindolylmethane on the urinary estrogen profile of premenopausal women. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024.

[3] Maier MLV, et al. Diindolylmethane Exhibits Significant Metabolism after Oral Administration in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2021.

Chasteberry Fruit Extract (Vitex agnus-castus)

Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus L.), also called chaste tree or monk’s pepper, is a Mediterranean plant whose dried fruit is commonly extracted for use in women’s botanical supplements. Extracts contain a complex mix of phytochemicals—often including flavonoids (such as casticin) and diterpenes—that have been studied for their influence on neuroendocrine signaling pathways. Modern mechanistic research focuses on how certain constituents may interact with dopamine D2 receptor activity and downstream pituitary hormone signaling, including prolactin-related pathways, which can affect cycle-linked physiological patterns.[2] Broad reviews also discuss additional antioxidant and receptor-mediated actions that help explain why chasteberry remains a frequently researched botanical in women’s health contexts.[1]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, chasteberry fruit extract is included as part of the botanical complex to support a steadier monthly rhythm—helping maintain balanced neuroendocrine signaling and everyday emotional comfort, while complementing magnesium’s role in relaxation and B vitamins’ role in normal neurotransmitter and energy metabolism. Evidence across controlled trials and meta-analyses suggests chasteberry preparations may support cycle-related comfort measures in some women, although results can vary by extract type and study quality.[3]

†These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

References

[1] Sirotkin AV, et al. Effects, Mechanisms of Action and Application of Vitex agnus-castus for Improvement of Health and Female Reproduction. Phytother Res. 2025.

[2] Puglia LT, et al. Vitex agnus castus effects on hyperprolactinaemia. Front Endocrinol. 2023.

[3] Csupor D, et al. Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: A meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also known as winter cherry, is a traditional botanical most commonly prepared from the plant’s root for powders and standardized extracts. Modern supplements often use root extracts standardized to a defined level of withanolides—its signature steroidal lactones—to help keep identity and potency more consistent across batches.[1] In human research, ashwagandha is most frequently evaluated for supporting perceived stress, sleep quality, and overall well-being, with proposed pathways that include modulation of HPA-axis signaling and related stress biomarkers in chronically stressed adults.[2] Like many botanicals, it is also discussed in the context of individual tolerance and responsible use; rare cases of liver injury have been reported in the medical literature, especially in susceptible individuals, which is why conservative use and awareness of personal risk factors are emphasized in safety discussions.[3]

What it does in this formula

In Fmlave PMS Support, ashwagandha is included to support a steadier stress response and a calmer, more even daily mood—helping your routine feel more consistent across the month. It complements magnesium’s role in relaxation and balanced nerve-and-muscle signaling, while pairing with vitamins B6 and B12 as foundational cofactors for normal energy and neurotransmitter-related metabolism. The intent is dependable, routine-based support using structure/function language, rather than symptom-specific or drug-like positioning.

References

[1] Mikulska P, Malinowska M, Ignacyk M, et al. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)—Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics. 2023.

[2] Pandit S, Srivastav AK, Sur TK, et al. Effects of Withania somnifera Extract in Chronically Stressed Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2024.

[3] Philips CA, Valsan A, Theruvath AH, et al. Ashwagandha-induced liver injury—A case series from India and literature review. Hepatol Commun. 2023.